High-quality carbon steel or alloy steel continuous casting billets (square or round) are used as raw materials. Chemical composition (e.g., carbon, silicon, manganese) and internal quality are inspected to ensure compliance with standards (e.g., GB/T 699, ASTM A29).

Processes like annealing, normalizing, or quenching & tempering are applied to optimize mechanical properties (e.g., tensile strength, hardness).